The work described here originated as a more general study of the potential for improvement of the productivity of dryland (as distinct from rain-fed paddy) agriculture in Eastern Indonesia under the Advisory and Analytical studies of the Indonesia Country Program. Although the Indonesian government estimates that about 24 million hectares of land remain to be developed in the region, the major challenge is to improve the productivity of existing arable area. Compared to its Asian neighbors, Indonesia's agricultural output shows a greater dependence on labor and land and a reduced application of capital and fertilizers for development. This paper contains the following headings: context; the potential for partnerships in ruminant livestock industries of Indonesia; public private partnerships in cocoa production; and applying partnerships in an investment project.